Macular Degeneration

There are two main types of AMD:

Dry AMD

In Dry AMD, yellowish deposits called drusen accumulate beneath the macula causing gradual thinning of the retinal tissue over time. The progression of dry AMD is, however, very slow and may take many years to reach to an advanced stage.  

Wet AMD

In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels begin to grow beneath the retina. These new blood vessels are fragile and can leak blood and fluid, causing damage to the macula and progressive vision loss. Wet AMD tends to progress more rapidly than Dry AMD and has the potential to cause more severe central vision loss without treatment.

Symptoms of AMD will vary on the type and stage of degeneration. Early AMD may not cause any symptoms initially.

As AMD progresses you may slowly notice:

• Difficulty with tasks that require clear central vision such as reading, driving, watching TV, and recognising faces
• Straight lines may appear wavy or distorted
• Dark spots or patchy central vision

It’s important to note that these symptoms typically affect the central part of the visual field, while peripheral vision remains intact

The best way for a patient to monitor macular degeneration at home is by using an Amsler grid. If any significant change is noticed on the Amsler grid it can suggest progression of macular degeneration and you should see your retina specialist urgently. 

There is currently no cure for dry AMD. Early diagnosis, regular eye examinations, and reducing AMD risk factors can help slow retinal disease progression. These include:

• A diet rich in antioxidants like green leafy vegetables (spinach, broccoli), fruits rich in vitamin C (citrus fruits, berries, melons), fish and nuts

• Avoid smoking
• There is evidence from large studies (AERDS) that nutritional supplements specifically for macula health can slow the progression of retinal disease.

All the dietary advice needs to be taken after consulting with your GP or nutritionist

Retinal disease treatment for wet AMD aims to stop new blood vessels from growing and damaging the macula. The Main retinal disease treatment options for wet AMD is

Anti-VEGF Injections:

Anti-VEGF is a medication that inhibits the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reduces leakage and swelling under the macula. The medication is injected into the affected eye and is usually performed in the office under local anesthetic drops.

For more information on Intravitreal injections please click here