Understanding the Different Types of Cataract

When most people hear the word cataract, they immediately think of aging—and for good reason. Cataracts are most common in older adults and are often seen as a normal part of getting older, however that association can sometimes be misleading. Many people are surprised to learn that cataracts can develop at any age, and some even assume they’re “too young” to have one. In reality, there are several different types of cataracts, each with its own cause and characteristics—and not all are age-related. Understanding these distinctions can help you recognize the signs earlier and seek the right treatment at the right time.

What Is a Cataract?

A cataract occurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to blurred or dimmed vision. Over time, this can make everyday activities like reading, driving, or recognizing faces more difficult.

Understanding the different types of cataracts is key to identifying symptoms and choosing the best treatment approach.

What Are The Types of Cataract?

Nuclear Sclerotic Cataracts

These are the most common type of cataract. They develop in the centre (nucleus) of the lens and are often associated with aging.

Key Features:

Gradual yellowing or browning of the lens

Early symptoms may include improved near vision (a phenomenon known as “myopic shift”)

Progresses slowly over years

Who’s at Risk? : Older adults, especially those over 60, are most commonly affected.

2. Cortical Cataracts

These start as whitish, wedge-shaped opacities or streaks on the outer edge (cortex) of the lens and gradually move toward the centre.

Key Features:

Glare and halos around lights, especially at night

Difficulty with contrast and depth perception

Who’s at Risk? : Also older adults and people with diabetes.

3. Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts (PSC)

PSC cataracts develop on the back surface of the lens, near the lens capsule — the part of the lens that holds its shape.

Key Features:

Rapid progression (faster than nuclear or cortical cataracts)

Difficulty seeing in bright light or reading

Significant vision impairment, usually described as a central blob in the vision Who’s at Risk? : Common in younger people with diabetes, those taking steroids, eye trauma or inflammation.

4. Congenital Cataracts

These cataracts are present at birth or in early childhood. They can be inherited or caused by infections during pregnancy (like rubella), metabolic disorders, or developmental issues.

Key Features:

Often detected through eye exams in newborns

May or may not affect vision depending on size and location

Treatment:
Early intervention, including surgery, is often crucial to prevent long-term vision problems or amblyopia (“lazy eye”).

5. Traumatic Cataracts

These cataracts result from an eye injury, and can form immediately after trauma or develop years later.

Key Features:

Irregular lens opacity, depending on the nature of the injury

May affect one eye only

Common Causes:
Blunt trauma, penetrating injuries, and following other eye surgeries like retinal detachment.

Why It Matters

While cataracts are a natural part of aging for many, not all cataracts are the same. Recognizing the type of cataract can help guide proper diagnosis and treatment. Regular eye exams are the best way to detect if you have any signs of cataract.

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